8) found in many practical engineering applications.
However, we in general suggest the use of the k- \(\varepsilon \) model for “simple” flows and the Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) for more complex flows (Chap. Although a large number of studies have been performed on the development of turbulence models, there has not been a universal turbulence model that is applicable to all turbulent flows. The constitutive equations used in the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations are referred to as turbulence models.
